Understanding measles: Prevention, symptoms and vaccination

The Michigan Department of Health and Human Services and the Oakland County Health Division have confirmed an adult case of measles in Oakland County, marking the state's first case this year and the first since July 2024. This case, along with outbreaks in Texas and New Mexico, highlights the rapid resurgence of measles, with nearly 400 cases reported recently.

Global outbreaks and declining U.S. vaccination rates underscore the importance of protection against measles, which can lead to severe complications, especially in children.

“This most recent case in Michigan is a critical reminder of why immunizations are so important,” says Dr. Paul Berg, chief medical officer and senior vice president of MyMichigan Health.

“With only a few cases in recent years, many parents might not have seen the severe impact measles can have. Vaccinations are crucial not only for safeguarding each child but also for protecting all of our communities.”

Measles is a highly contagious viral illness that causes fever and rash. It spreads through the air when an infected person breathes, coughs or sneezes. It is so contagious that any child or adult who is exposed and not immune will likely contract the disease. However, the measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine is highly effective at preventing infection.

Common measle-related questions

What are the signs and symptoms of measles?
Measles symptoms generally appear 10 to 14 days after exposure. They include fever, dry cough, runny nose and sore throat. Other symptoms may include inflamed eyes, or conjunctivitis.

A key feature of measles is tiny white spots with bluish-white centers on a red background inside the mouth, known as Koplik’s spots. The disease also causes a skin rash with large, flat blotches that may merge..

Can you get measles if fully vaccinated?
While rare, it is possible to contract measles even when fully vaccinated. The MMR vaccine is 93percent effective after one dose and percent effective after two doses. If a vaccinated person contracts measles, the illness is usually milder.

Should adults get a booster shot?
A booster is generally unnecessary for those who have received two doses of the MMR vaccine, as it typically provides lifelong protection. Additional doses are usually not recommended during outbreaks unless specific circumstances arise.

What should you do if you are unvaccinated or unsure of your vaccination status?
Those who are unvaccinated or undervaccinated should visit a health care provider to receive the appropriate MMR doses. Adults who have never been vaccinated should get two doses, while those who have received only one dose need one more. A blood test can determine immunity if vaccination records are unavailable.

Are there circumstances where adults shouldn’t get vaccinated?
The MMR vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine, meaning it contains a weakened but active pathogen. Individuals who are pregnant or immunocompromised should avoid vaccination.

If you’ve had measles before, is vaccination necessary?
Once a person has had measles, confirmed by a health care provider, they are considered immune for life and do not need vaccination. Those born before 1957 may be naturally immune due to past outbreaks.

Are children of vaccinated mothers protected at birth?
Infants of vaccinated mothers typically receive maternal antibodies at birth, though this immunity diminishes over time.

When should children get vaccinated?
The recommended MMR vaccination schedule includes two doses: the first between 12 and 15 months and the second between ages 4 and 6. Infants traveling to areas with measles outbreaks can receive the vaccine as early as 6 months but will still need the standard two-dose series.

How can parents protect unvaccinated infants?
Parents should limit their child’s exposure to sick individuals and large crowds. They should also check vaccination policies at places the child frequents, such as day care or school.

How can immunocompromised children be protected?
Parents should ensure close contacts are vaccinated. If exposure occurs, they should consult a health care provider immediately.

What should you do if your child contracts measles?
If measles is suspected, contact a health care provider before visiting a medical office to prevent further spread. Measles is confirmed through a blood test and throat swab. Supportive care includes fever management, hydration and monitoring for severe symptoms, such as breathing difficulties or changes in alertness.

“Maintaining high vaccination rates is crucial to preventing measles outbreaks,” Berg says. “The MMR vaccine remains the best defense, providing effective and long-lasting protection against this highly contagious disease. I highly recommend the MMR vaccine for all eligible patients. Those who need the vaccine or have concerns should speak to their health care provider.”